Large OpenGL Object handling overhaul

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -48,13 +48,12 @@ if(NB_BUILD_TESTS)
     include(FetchContent)
     FetchContent_Declare(
         gtest
-        URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/release-1.12.1.zip
+        URL https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/heads/main.zip
     )
     if (WIN32)
         set(gtest_force_shared_crt ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
         FetchContent_MakeAvailable(gtest)
     endif()
-    include(GoogleTest)
     set(GTEST_COLOR ON)
     set(GLFW_BUILD_TESTS ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 endif()
@@ -62,6 +61,7 @@ endif()
 if (NB_LOGGING)
     message(STATUS "Building with automatic logging")
     add_compile_definitions(_NB_AUTOLOG)
+    add_compile_definitions(_NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS)
 endif()
 
 if (NB_TARGET_WINDOWS)

engine/NBCore/ANSITerm.hpp

@@ -2,16 +2,10 @@
 #ifndef _NB_ANSI_TERM
 #define _NB_ANSI_TERM
 
-#include <array>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
-#include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-#include "TypeTraits.hpp"
-
 /*
 ----------- TECH DEBT ------------
 Idk wtf to do here. This was originally to allow me to print 

engine/NBCore/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-include_directories(./.)
-
 toAbsolutePath(NB_CORE_SOURCE 
     ./src/Errors.cpp
-    ./src/Processes.cpp
     ./src/Logger.cpp
+    ./src/Processes.cpp
+    ./src/StringUtils.cpp
+    ./src/Utils.cpp
 )
 
 toAbsolutePath(NB_CORE_INCLUDE
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ toAbsolutePath(NB_CORE_INCLUDE
     ./Errors.hpp
     ./Logger.hpp
     ./Processes.hpp
+    ./StringUtils.hpp
     ./ThreadsafeQueue.hpp
     ./Types.hpp
     ./TypeTraits.hpp
+    ./Utils.hpp
 )
 
 set(NB_CORE_SOURCE ${NB_CORE_SOURCE} PARENT_SCOPE)
@@ -22,6 +24,8 @@ set(NB_CORE_INCLUDE ${NB_CORE_INCLUDE} PARENT_SCOPE)
 
 add_library(NBCore ${NB_CORE_SOURCE})
 
+target_include_directories(NBCore PUBLIC ./.)
+
 if (NB_BUILD_TESTS)
     add_subdirectory(./tests)
 endif()

engine/NBCore/DataSink.hpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #ifndef _NB_DATASINK
 #define _NB_DATASINK
 
+#include <atomic>
 #include <thread>
 
 #include "ThreadSafeQueue.hpp"
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ class BufferedDataProcessor : public DataSink<DataType> {
 public:
     using Base::Base;
 
-    bool stop() noexcept { return type_ptr->stop(); }
+    virtual bool stop() noexcept override { return type_ptr->stop(); }
-    bool run() { return type_ptr->run(); }
+    virtual bool run() override { return type_ptr->run(); }
-    bool in(const DataType& val) { return type_ptr->in(val); }
+    virtual bool in(const DataType& val) override { return type_ptr->in(val); }
 
 protected:
     unsigned int count() const {
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ public:
     bool isRunning() const noexcept override {
         return this->_running && (_runningThread!=nullptr);
     }
-    bool run() {
+    bool run() override {
         if (!type_ptr->isRunning()) {
             this->_running = true;
             _runningThread = std::make_shared<std::thread>([&]{

engine/NBCore/Errors.hpp

@@ -6,134 +6,275 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include "TypeTraits.hpp"
 #include <unordered_map>
-
+#include "StringUtils.hpp"
-#ifndef THROW_WITH_INFO
-    #ifdef CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
-        #define THROW_WITH_INFO(type, ...) throw type(__VA_ARGS__, __LINE__, __FILE__)
-    #else
-        #define THROW_WITH_INFO(type, ...) throw type(__VA_ARGS__)
-    #endif // CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
-#endif // THROW_WITH_INFO
-
-#ifndef THROW
-    #ifdef LOGGING
-        #define THROW_WTIH_INFO(type, ...) throw type(__VA_ARGS__, __LINE__, __FILE__)
-    #else
-        #define THROW(...) THROW_WITH_INFO(__VA_ARGS__)
-    #endif // LOGGING
-#endif // THROW
 
 namespace nb {
 
 typedef std::unordered_map<unsigned int, const char*> ErrorCodeMap;
 
-template<class ErrorType>
+template<typename T>
-class ErrorBase : public std::exception {
+constexpr bool IsValidException_v = std::is_base_of_v<std::exception, T>;
-public:
+template <typename T>
-    ErrorBase(
+using IsValidException = std::enable_if_t<IsValidException_v<T>, bool>;
-        const unsigned int code,
-        unsigned int line=0,
-        std::string filename=""
-    ) noexcept : ErrorBase(
-        code, 
-        ErrorBase<ErrorType>::lookup(code),
-        line,
-        filename
-    ) {}
-    ErrorBase(
-        const unsigned int code,
-        const std::exception& trace,
-        unsigned int line=0,
-        std::string filename=""
-    ) noexcept : ErrorBase(
-        code, 
-        ErrorBase<ErrorType>::lookup(code),
-        trace,
-        line,
-        filename
-    ) {}
 
-    static std::string lookup(unsigned int);
+template<class ErrorType=NoneType>
-    unsigned int code() const noexcept {
+class ErrorBase;
-        return static_cast<const ErrorType*>(this)->_code;
+
-    };
+template <class ErrorType=NoneType>
-    virtual const char* what() const noexcept override final { return _msg.c_str(); };
+class Error;
+
+template<typename T>
+constexpr bool IsValidNBError_v = std::is_base_of_v<ErrorBase<NoneType>, T>;
+template <typename T>
+using IsValidNBError = std::enable_if_t<IsValidNBError_v<T>, bool>;
+
+
+template<>
+class ErrorBase<NoneType> {
+public:
+    const unsigned int code;
+    const std::string msg;
+    const std::string type;
+    const std::shared_ptr<const void> trace;
+    const bool traceIsNBError;
+
+    virtual std::string what() const noexcept = 0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<ErrorBase> make_shared() const noexcept = 0;
     
 protected:
-    ErrorBase() = default;
+    template<typename T=NoneType>
+    ErrorBase(const ErrorBase<T>& err) : ErrorBase(std::move(err)) {}
+
+    template<typename T=NoneType>
+    ErrorBase(ErrorBase<T>&& err) : ErrorBase(
+        err.code,
+        err.msg,
+        err.type,
+        (err.traceIsNBError) 
+            ? static_cast<const ErrorBase*>(err.trace.get()) 
+            : static_cast<const std::exception*>(err.trace.get())
+    ) {}
+
     ErrorBase(
-        const unsigned int code,
+        unsigned int code_,
-        std::string msg,
+        std::string msg_,
-        unsigned int line=0,
+        std::string type_,
-        std::string filename=""
+        const std::exception* trace_
-    ) noexcept : _code{code}, _msg{""} {
+    ) noexcept :
+        code(code_),
+        msg(msg_),
+        type(type_),
+        trace{  trace_ ? 
+            std::static_pointer_cast<const void>(
+                std::make_shared<Error<NoneType>>(*trace_)) 
+            : nullptr,
+        },
+        traceIsNBError(false)
+    {}
+
+    template<typename T, std::enable_if_t<IsValidNBError_v<T>, bool> = true>
+    ErrorBase(
+        unsigned int code_,
+        std::string msg_,
+        std::string type_,
+        const T* trace_
+    ) noexcept :
+        code(code_),
+        msg(msg_),
+        type(type_),
+        trace{trace_ ? trace_->make_shared() : nullptr},
+        traceIsNBError(true)
+    {}
+};
+
+
+template <class ErrorType>
+class ErrorBase : public ErrorBase<NoneType> {
+private:
+    using Base = ErrorBase<NoneType>;
+    void inline check_asserts() {
         static_assert(std::is_same<const std::unordered_map<unsigned int, const char*>, decltype(ErrorType::ErrorMessages)>::value,
             "const std::unordered_map<unsigned int, const char*> ErrorMessages must be "
             "a class member."
         );
-        static_assert(std::is_enum_v<typename ErrorType::ErrorCodes>, "enum ErrorCodes must be a class member.");
+        static_assert(std::is_enum_v<typename ErrorType::Codes>, "enum Codes must be a class member.");
-        static_assert(std::is_same<std::underlying_type_t<typename ErrorType::ErrorCodes>, unsigned int>::value,
+        static_assert(std::is_same<std::underlying_type_t<typename ErrorType::Codes>, unsigned int>::value,
-            "enum ErrorCodes must be of underlying type unsigned int."
+            "enum Codes must be of underlying type unsigned int."
         );
         static_assert(std::is_same<const std::string, decltype(ErrorType::type)>::value,
             "const std::string type must be a class member."
         );
-
-        _msg += std::string(ErrorType::type);
-        _msg += "[" + std::to_string(_code) + "]";
-        if (line && filename.size()) {
-            _msg += " in \'" + filename + "\':" + std::to_string(line);
-        }
-        _msg += "\n    " + msg;
-    } 
-    ErrorBase(
-        const unsigned int code,
-        std::string msg,
-        const std::exception& trace,
-        unsigned int line=0,
-        std::string filename=""
-    ) noexcept : ErrorBase(code, msg, line, filename) {
-        std::string what_msg(trace.what());
-        std::string::size_type newline_pos=-1;
-        while((newline_pos=what_msg.find("\n", newline_pos+1))!= std::string::npos) {
-            what_msg.replace(newline_pos, 1, "\n  ");
-        }
-        _msg += "\n    Trace - " + what_msg;
     }
 
-    unsigned int _code;
-    std::string _msg;
-};
-
-class Error : public ErrorBase<Error> {
 public:
-    enum ErrorCodes : unsigned int {
+    template <typename T>
-        GENERAL, UNDEFINED, BADERRORCODE
+    ErrorBase(const ErrorBase<T>& cpy) : Base(cpy) { check_asserts(); }
-    };
 
-    using ErrorBase<Error>::ErrorBase;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<Base> make_shared() const noexcept override {
+        return std::static_pointer_cast<Base>(
+            std::make_shared<ErrorBase>(*this)
+        );
+    }
 
-    friend ErrorBase<Error>;
+    virtual std::string what() const noexcept override {
+        std::string ret = msg;
+        if (trace) {
+            std::string trace_msg;
+            if (traceIsNBError) { 
+                trace_msg = std::static_pointer_cast<const Base>(trace)->what();
+            } else {
+                trace_msg = std::string(std::static_pointer_cast<const Base>(trace)->what());
+            }
+            ret += nb::NEWLINE + indent_strblock(
+                trace_msg,
+                nb::TABOVER,
+                nb::TABOVER+"Trace: "
+            );
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
 
-protected:
     static const std::string type;
     static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages; 
 
+    using Base::code;
+    using Base::msg;
+    using Base::trace;
+    using Base::traceIsNBError;
+
+    friend ErrorType;
+    friend Error<ErrorType>;
+
+protected:
+    using Base::Base;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    ErrorBase(
+        unsigned int code_,
+        std::string msg_,
+        std::string type_,
+        const T* trace_
+    ) : Base(
+        code_,
+        msg_,
+        type_,
+        trace_
+    ) { check_asserts(); }
 };
+template <typename ErrorType>
+const std::string ErrorBase<ErrorType>::type = ErrorType::type;
+template <typename ErrorType>
+const ErrorCodeMap ErrorBase<ErrorType>::ErrorMessages = ErrorType::ErrorMessages;
+
 
 template <class ErrorType>
-std::string ErrorBase<ErrorType>::lookup(unsigned int code) {
+class Error : public ErrorBase<ErrorType> {
-    for (auto kv : ErrorType::ErrorMessages) {
+    using Base = ErrorBase<ErrorType>;
-        if (kv.first==code) {
+public:
-            return std::string(kv.second);
+    template <typename T>
-        }        
+    Error(
-    }
+        unsigned int code_,
+        const T& trace_
+    ) noexcept : Base(
+        code_, 
+        ErrorType::ErrorMessages.at(code_),
+        ErrorType::type,
+        &trace_
+    ) {}
+
+    template<typename ET>
+    Error(
+        std::string msg_,
+        const ErrorBase<ET>& trace_
+    ) noexcept : Base(
+        0, 
+        msg_,
+        ErrorType::type,
+        &trace_
+    ) {}
+
+    Error(
+        std::string msg_,
+        const std::exception& trace_
+    ) noexcept : Base(
+        0, 
+        msg_,
+        ErrorType::type,
+        &trace_
+    ) {}
+
+    Error(unsigned int code_) noexcept : Base(
+        code_, 
+        ErrorType::ErrorMessages.at(code_),
+        ErrorType::type,
+        NULLPTR<std::exception>
+    ) {}
+
+    Error(std::string msg_) noexcept : Base(
+        0, 
+        msg_,
+        ErrorType::type,
+        NULLPTR<std::exception>
+    ) {}
+
+    using Base::what;
+    using Base::code;
+    using Base::msg;
+    using Base::trace;
+    using Base::traceIsNBError;
+    using Base::type;
+    using Base::ErrorMessages;
+
+protected:
+    using Base::Base;
+
+};
+
+
+template<>
+class Error<NoneType> : public ErrorBase<Error<NoneType>> {
+    using Base = ErrorBase<Error<NoneType>>;
+public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    
+    Error(unsigned int code_=1) noexcept : Base(
+        code_, 
+        ErrorMessages.at(code_),
+        type,
+        NULLPTR<std::exception>
+    ) {}
+
+    Error(const std::exception& err) : Base(
+        Codes::STANDARD,
+        std::string(err.what()),
+        "std::exception",
+        nullptr
+    ) {}
+
+    Error(std::string msg_) noexcept : Base(
+        Codes::UNDEFINED, 
+        msg_,
+        type,
+        NULLPTR<std::exception>
+    ) {}
+
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
+        STANDARD, UNDEFINED
+    };
+
+    using Base::what;
+
+    using Base::code;
+    using Base::msg;
+    using Base::trace;
+    using Base::traceIsNBError;
+    static const std::string type;
+    static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+};
 
-    throw Error(Error::ErrorCodes::BADERRORCODE);
-}
 
 } // namespace nb
 
-
 #endif // _NB_ERROR

engine/NBCore/Logger.hpp

@@ -2,16 +2,14 @@
 #ifndef _NB_LOGGER
 #define _NB_LOGGER
 
-#include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
-#include <iomanip>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <thread>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "DataSink.hpp"
+#include "Errors.hpp"
 #include "Processes.hpp"
 #include "ThreadSafeQueue.hpp"
 #include "TypeTraits.hpp"
@@ -23,14 +21,6 @@ typedef std::chrono::time_point<
     std::chrono::nanoseconds
 > LoggerTimePoint;
 
-struct LogEvent{
-    const LoggerTimePoint time;
-    const unsigned char lvl;
-    const std::string msg;
-    const std::thread::id tid;
-    const uint64_t pid;
-};
-
 typedef std::string (*LogProcessFunction)(const LoggerTimePoint&, const std::string&);
 typedef std::unordered_map<uint8_t, LogProcessFunction> LogProcessFunctionMap;
 
@@ -41,25 +31,32 @@ class LoggerBase
     using LoggerType = Logger;
     using Base = MultithreadedDataProcessor<LogType, LoggerType>;
 public:
-    bool run() {
+    bool run() override {
-        if (!type_ptr->isRunning()) {
+        if (!static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->isRunning()) {
             this->_running = true;
             this->_runningThread = std::make_shared<std::thread>([&]{
-                while(type_ptr->isRunning()) {
+                while(static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->isRunning()) {
-                    type_ptr->flush();
+                    static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->flush();
                 }
-                type_ptr->flush();
+                static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->flush();
             });
         }
-        return type_ptr->isRunning();
+        return static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->isRunning();
     }
 protected:
     LoggerBase() = default;
 
     StreamType _ostream;
+};
 
-private:
+struct LogEvent{
-    LoggerType* type_ptr = static_cast<LoggerType*>(this);
+    const LoggerTimePoint time;
+    const unsigned char lvl;
+    const std::string msg;
+    const std::thread::id tid;
+    const uint64_t pid;
+    const std::string file="";
+    const unsigned int line=0;
 };
 
 template <typename LT>
@@ -72,39 +69,73 @@ public:
     template<typename... ST>
     DebugLogger(ST&... streams) : _ostream(nb::RefPackToPtrVec<std::ostream, ST...>(streams...).vec) {}
 
-    ~DebugLogger() { type_ptr->stop(); }
+    ~DebugLogger() { static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->stop(); }
 
-    void log(const std::string& msg, const uint8_t& lvl=0xFF) {
+    void log(
-        type_ptr->push(LogEvent{
+        std::string msg,
+        uint8_t lvl=0x00,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) {
+        static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->push(LogEvent{
             std::chrono::system_clock::now(),
             lvl,
             msg,
             std::this_thread::get_id(),
             GetPID(),
+            file,
+            line
         });
     }
 
     template <size_t N>
-    void log(char const(&msg) [N], const uint8_t& lvl=0xFF) {
+    void log(
-        type_ptr->log(std::string(msg), lvl);
+        char const(&msg) [N],
+        uint8_t lvl=0x00,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) {
+        static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->log(std::string(msg), lvl, file, line);
     }
 
-    void log(const std::exception& err, const uint8_t& lvl=0xFF) {
+    template <typename T>
-        type_ptr->log(err.what(), lvl);
+    void log(
+        const ErrorBase<T>& err,
+        uint8_t lvl=0xFF,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) {
+        static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->log(err.what(), lvl, file, line);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of_v<std::exception, T>, void> log(
+        const T& err,
+        uint8_t lvl=0xFF,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) {
+        static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->log(std::string(err.what()), lvl, file, line);
     }
 
     template<typename U>
-    void warn(const U& val, const uint8_t& lvl=0x01) { type_ptr->log(val, lvl); }
+    void warn(
+        U val,
+        uint8_t lvl=0x01,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) { static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->log(val, lvl, file, line); }
 
     template<typename U>
-    void error(const U& val) { type_ptr->log(val, 0xFF); }
+    void error(
+        U val,
+        std::string file="",
+        unsigned int line=0
+    ) { static_cast<LoggerType*>(this)->log(val, 0xFF, file, line); }
 
 protected:
     std::vector<std::ostream*> _ostream;
 
-private:
-    LoggerType* type_ptr = static_cast<LoggerType*>(this);
-
 };
 
 class DefaultDebugLogger : public DebugLogger<DefaultDebugLogger> {
@@ -127,17 +158,112 @@ public:
 protected:
     using Base::_ostream;
 
-    bool process(const LogEvent& msg) {
+    bool process(const LogEvent& msg);
-        for (const auto os : this->_ostream) {
-            *os << msg.lvl << "\t|\t" << msg.msg << "\n";
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
 };  
 
+#ifndef _NB_NO_LOGGER
 extern DefaultDebugLogger logger;
+#endif // _NB_NO_LOGGER
 
 // Taking Charge of Adult ADHD by Russell Barkley
 
+/* template <typename T=NoneType>
+struct NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW;
+
+template<>
+struct NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW<NoneType> {
+    template <typename T>
+    NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW(T arg) {
+        #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+            logger.error(arg);
+        #endif // _NB_AUTLOG
+        throw arg;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW {
+    template <typename... Args>
+    NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW(Args&&... args) {
+        std::shared_ptr<T> error_ptr;
+        #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+            #ifdef _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+                error_ptr = std::make_shared<T>(args..., __LINE__, __FILE__);
+            #else
+                error_ptr = std::make_shared<T>(args...);
+            #endif // _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+            logger.error(*error_ptr);
+        #endif // _NB_AUTLOG
+        throw *error_ptr;
+    }
+}; */
+
+/* template <typename Arg1=NoneType, typename...Args>
+void NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW(Args&& ... args) {
+    std::shared_ptr<Arg1> error_ptr;
+    #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+        #ifdef _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+            error_ptr = std::make_shared<Arg1>(args..., __LINE__, __FILE__);
+        #else
+            error_ptr = std::make_shared<Arg1>(args...);
+        #endif // _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+        logger.error(*error_ptr);
+    #endif // _NB_AUTLOG
+    throw *error_ptr;
+}
+
+template <typename Arg>
+void NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW<NoneType>(const Arg& arg) {
+    #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+        logger.error(arg);
+    #endif // _NB_AUTLOG
+    throw arg;
+} */
+
+template <typename T>
+void NB_DEFAULT_LOGGER_THROW(const T& err, std::string file="", unsigned int line = 0) {
+    #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+        if (file.empty()) {
+            logger.error(err);
+        } else {
+            logger.error(err, file, line);
+        }
+    #endif // _NB_AUTLOG
+    throw err;
+}
+
 } // namespace nb
+
+#ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+    #ifdef _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+        #ifndef LOG
+            #define LOG(args...) nb::logger.log(args, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        #endif // LOG
+        #ifndef WARN
+            #define WARN(args...) nb::logger.warn(args, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        #endif // WARN
+        #ifndef ERROR
+            #define ERROR(args...) nb::logger.error(args, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+        #endif // ERROR
+    #else
+        #ifndef LOG
+            #define LOG(args...) nb::logger.log(args)
+        #endif // LOG
+        #ifndef WARN
+            #define WARN(args...) nb::logger.warn(args)
+        #endif // WARN
+        #ifndef ERROR
+            #define ERROR(args...) nb::logger.error(args)
+        #endif // ERROR
+    #endif // _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+#endif // _NB_AUTOLOG
+
+#ifndef THROW
+    #ifdef _NB_AUTOLOG
+        #define THROW(args...) ERROR(args); throw args
+    #else
+        #define THROW(args...) throw args
+    #endif // _NB_CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+#endif // THROW
+
 #endif // _NB_LOGGER

engine/NBCore/StringUtils.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef _NB_CORE_TYPES
+#define _NB_CORE_TYPES
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include "TypeTraits.hpp"
+
+namespace nb {
+
+#ifdef _NB_TARGET_WINDOWS
+    const std::string NEWLINE = "\n";
+    const std::wstring WNEWLINE = L"\n";
+#endif // _NB_TARGET_WINDOWS
+#ifdef _NB_TARGET_LINUX
+    const std::string NEWLINE = "\n";
+    const std::wstring WNEWLINE = L"\n";
+#endif // _NB_TARGET_LINUX
+
+const std::string TABOVER = "   ";
+
+// std::wstring str_to_wstr(std::string in);
+
+// std::string wstr_to_str(std::wstring in);
+
+template <typename Stream, typename... Args>
+void stream(const Stream& s, Args&&... args);
+
+template <typename Stream, typename... Args>
+void stream(const Stream& s, Args&&... args) {
+    (s << ... << args);
+}
+
+template<typename... Args>
+void term(Args&&... args) { stream(std::cout, args..., nb::NEWLINE); }
+
+template<typename... Args>
+void wterm(Args&&... args) { stream(std::wcout, args..., nb::WNEWLINE); }
+
+template <typename T = char>
+std::basic_string<T> find_and_replace(
+    ExplicitType_t<std::basic_string<T>> original,
+    ExplicitType_t<std::basic_string_view<T>> find,
+    ExplicitType_t<std::basic_string_view<T>> replace
+) {
+    using StringType = std::basic_string<T>;
+
+    StringType ret(original);
+
+    std::size_t find_len = find.length();
+    std::size_t replace_len = replace.length();
+    std::size_t currpos = 0;
+    while(true) {
+        currpos = ret.find(find, currpos);
+        if (currpos == StringType::npos) {
+            break;
+        }
+        ret = ret.erase(currpos, find_len);
+        ret = ret.insert(currpos, replace);
+        currpos += replace_len;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+std::string indent_strblock(
+    std::string block,
+    std::string prepend,
+    std::string topIndent
+);
+
+std::string indent_strblock(
+    std::string block,
+    std::string prepend
+);
+
+} // namespace nb
+#endif // _NB_CORE_TYPES

engine/NBCore/TypeTraits.hpp

@@ -2,15 +2,96 @@
 #ifndef _NB_TYPE_TRAITS
 #define _NB_TYPE_TRAITS
 
+#include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace nb {
 
-template<std::size_t N=0, typename Func, typename... Pack>
+namespace detail {
+    template <
+        class Default,
+        class AlwaysVoid,
+        template <class...> class Op,
+        class... Args
+    >
+    struct detector {
+        using value = std::false_type;
+        using type = Default;
+    };
+
+    template <
+        class Default, 
+        template <class...> class Op,
+        class... Args
+    >
+    struct detector<Default, std::void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
+        using value = std::true_type;
+        using type = Op<Args...>;
+    };
+} // namespace detail
+
+struct NoneType{};
+
+template <
+    template <class...> class Op,
+    class... Args
+>
+using is_detected = typename detail::detector<NoneType, void, Op, Args...>::value;
+
+template <typename... Types>
+struct ValidConversion;
+
+template <typename To, typename A, typename B, typename... Rest>
+struct ValidConversion<To, A, B, Rest...> {
+    typedef std::conjunction<
+        std::is_constructible<To, A>, std::is_constructible<To, A>, std::conjunction<std::is_constructible<To, Rest>...>
+    > value_type; 
+    static constexpr bool value = value_type::value;
+    typedef std::enable_if_t<value, To> to;
+
+};
+
+template <typename To, typename From>
+struct ValidConversion<To, From> {
+    typedef std::is_constructible<To, From> value_type; 
+    static constexpr bool value = value_type::value;
+    typedef std::enable_if_t<value, To> to;
+    typedef std::enable_if_t<value, From> from;
+};
+
+template<typename... Types>
+using ValidConversion_v = typename ValidConversion<Types...>::value;
+
+template<typename... Types>
+using ValidConversion_to = typename ValidConversion<Types...>::to;
+
+template<typename To, typename From>
+using ValidConversion_from = typename ValidConversion<To, From>::from;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct ExplicitType { using type=T; };
+
+template <typename T>
+using ExplicitType_t = typename ExplicitType<T>::type;
+
+template <typename T>
+T* NULLPTR = static_cast<T*>(nullptr);
+
+template <typename Func, typename T>
+struct RunAndOutput {
+    using type = T;
+    T value;
+    RunAndOutput(Func func, T val) : value(val) {
+        func();
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Func, std::size_t N=0, typename... Pack>
 inline typename std::enable_if<N==sizeof...(Pack), void>::type
 ForEach(std::tuple<Pack...>&, Func) {}
 
-template<std::size_t N=0, typename Func, typename... Pack>
+template<typename Func, std::size_t N=0, typename... Pack>
 inline typename std::enable_if<N < sizeof...(Pack), void>::type
 ForEach(std::tuple<Pack...>& tup, Func f) {
     f(N, std::get<N>(tup));

engine/NBCore/Utils.hpp

@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@
 #ifndef _NB_CORE_TYPES
 #define _NB_CORE_TYPES
 
-#include <vector>
-
 namespace nb {
 
-template<typename T>
+/* template<typename T>
-T swapEndian(const T& val) {
+T swap_endian(const T& val) {
     T ret;
     const int size = sizeof(T);
     auto retLoc = static_cast<void*>(&ret);
@@ -17,9 +15,10 @@ T swapEndian(const T& val) {
         memcpy(retLoc+i, valLoc+(size-i-1), 1);
     }
     return ret;
-}
+} */
 
-using ByteVector = std::vector<uint8_t>;
+
+// using ByteVector = std::vector<uint8_t>;
 
 } // namespace nb
 #endif // _NB_CORE_TYPES

engine/NBCore/src/Errors.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #include "Errors.hpp"
+#include "TypeTraits.hpp"
 
 namespace nb {
 
-const std::string Error::type =  "Error";
+const std::string Error<>::type =  "nb::Error";
-const ErrorCodeMap Error::ErrorMessages = {
+
-    {ErrorCodes::GENERAL, "General std::exception."},
+const ErrorCodeMap Error<nb::NoneType>::ErrorMessages = {
-    {ErrorCodes::UNDEFINED, "Undefined / general error."},
+    {Error::Codes::STANDARD, "std::exception"},
-    {ErrorCodes::BADERRORCODE, "Unrecognized error code."}
+    {Error::Codes::UNDEFINED, "Error"}
 };
 
 }

engine/NBCore/src/Logger.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,40 @@
 #include <iostream>
 
 #include "Logger.hpp"
+#include "StringUtils.hpp"
 
 namespace nb {
 
+#ifndef _NB_NO_LOGGER
 nb::DefaultDebugLogger logger(std::cout);
+#endif // _NB_NO_LOGGER
+
+bool nb::DefaultDebugLogger::process(const LogEvent& msg) {
+    constexpr size_t level_field_width = 5;
+    constexpr size_t msg_prompt_length = level_field_width+7;
+    for (const auto os : this->_ostream) {
+        *os << "[";
+        os->width(level_field_width);
+        *os << std::to_string(msg.lvl) << "] :: ";
+        std::string fileloc="";
+        if (!msg.file.empty()) {
+            fileloc += "(" + msg.file + ":" + std::to_string(msg.line) + ") - ";
+        }
+        *os << indent_strblock(
+            fileloc + msg.msg,
+            std::string(20 - msg_prompt_length, ' '),
+            ""
+        ) << nb::NEWLINE;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
 
 static bool RUN_LOGGER(nb::DefaultDebugLogger& log) {
     return log.run();
 }
 
+
+
 static const bool LOGGER_RUNNING = RUN_LOGGER(logger);
 
 } // namespace nb

engine/NBCore/src/Processes.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #endif // _NB_TARGET_LINUX
 
 #include "Processes.hpp"
-#include "Types.hpp"
 
 namespace nb {
 

engine/NBCore/src/StringUtils.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include "StringUtils.hpp"
+
+/* std::string nb::wstr_to_str(std::wstring in) {
+    std::size_t wstrlen = in.length();
+    char* c_str= new char[wstrlen];
+    std::wcstombs(c_str, in.c_str(), wstrlen);
+    std::string ret(c_str, wstrlen);
+    delete[] c_str;
+    return ret;
+} */
+
+std::string nb::indent_strblock(
+    std::string block,
+    std::string prepend,
+    std::string topIndent
+) {
+    return topIndent + nb::find_and_replace(
+        block,
+        nb::NEWLINE,
+        nb::NEWLINE + prepend
+    );
+}
+
+std::string nb::indent_strblock(
+    std::string block,
+    std::string prepend
+) {
+    return nb::indent_strblock(block, prepend, prepend);
+}

engine/NBCore/src/Utils.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

engine/NBCore/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,12 +4,21 @@ if (NB_BUILD_TESTS)
     enable_testing()
     include(GoogleTest)
     add_executable(TestCore
-        testErrors.cpp
+        ./testErrors.cpp
-        testProcesses.cpp
+        #./testProcesses.cpp
+        ./testUtils.cpp
     )
     target_link_libraries(TestCore
         NBCore
         GTest::gtest_main
     )
+
+    add_executable(LoggerTest
+        ./testLogger.cpp
+    )
+    target_link_libraries(LoggerTest
+        NBCore
+    )
+
     gtest_discover_tests(TestCore)
 endif()

engine/NBCore/tests/testErrors.cpp

@@ -1,38 +1,39 @@
 #define CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
 
-#include "Errors.hpp"
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <iostream>
+
-#include <sstream>
+#include "Errors.hpp"
-#include "Logger.hpp"
+#include <string>
 
 using namespace nb;
 
-class TestError : public ErrorBase<TestError> {
+class TestError : public Error<TestError> {
+    using Base = Error<TestError>;
 public:    
-    using ErrorBase<TestError>::ErrorBase;
+    using Base::Base;
+    using Base::what;
+    using Base::code;
+    using Base::msg;
+    using Base::trace;
 
-    enum ErrorCodes : unsigned int {
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
         A, B, C, D
     };
+
     static const std::string type;
-    static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+    static const nb::ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
 };
 
 const std::string TestError::type="TestError";
 const ErrorCodeMap TestError::ErrorMessages{
-    {TestError::ErrorCodes::A, "Hey!"},
+    {TestError::Codes::A, "Hey!"},
-    {TestError::ErrorCodes::B, "How"},
+    {TestError::Codes::B, "How"},
-    {TestError::ErrorCodes::C, "You"},
+    {TestError::Codes::C, "You"},
-    {TestError::ErrorCodes::D, "Doin"}
+    {TestError::Codes::D, "Doin"}
 };
 
 
 TEST(ErrorTest, Test) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, 1);
+    auto err = TestError(0, TestError(1, TestError(2, TestError(3, TestError(2)))));
-
+    ASSERT_STREQ(err.what().c_str(), "Hey!\n   Trace: How\n      Trace: You\n         Trace: Doin\n            Trace: You");
-    std::stringstream sstream;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(nb::logger.isRunning());
-    nb::logger.log("Hey!");
 }

engine/NBCore/tests/testLogger.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#include <exception>
+
+#include "Errors.hpp"
+#include "Logger.hpp"
+
+class TestError : public nb::Error<TestError> {
+    using Base = Error<TestError>;
+public:    
+    using Base::Base;
+    using Base::what;
+    using Base::code;
+    using Base::msg;
+    using Base::trace;
+
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
+        A, B, C, D
+    };
+
+    static const std::string type;
+    static const nb::ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+};
+
+const std::string TestError::type="TestError";
+const nb::ErrorCodeMap TestError::ErrorMessages{
+    {TestError::Codes::A, "Hey!"},
+    {TestError::Codes::B, "How"},
+    {TestError::Codes::C, "You"},
+    {TestError::Codes::D, "Doin"}
+};
+
+int main() {
+    nb::logger.log("Whoop!");
+    try {
+        THROW(TestError(0, TestError(1, TestError(2, TestError(3, TestError(2))))));
+    } catch (TestError e){
+        nb::logger.log("nb::Error was thrown!");
+    }
+
+    try {
+        THROW(std::exception());
+    } catch (std::exception e){
+        nb::logger.log("std::exception was thrown!");
+    }
+    ERROR("hello there!");
+    return 0;
+}

engine/NBCore/tests/testProcesses.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #define CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <iostream>
 #include "Processes.hpp"
 #include <Windows.h>
 

engine/NBCore/tests/testUtils.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#define CODE_ERROR_LOCATIONS
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include "TypeTraits.hpp"
+#include "StringUtils.hpp"
+
+namespace nb {
+
+TEST(UtilsTest, TestFindAndReplace) {
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        find_and_replace("Jeff", "e", "efe").c_str(), 
+        "Jefeff"
+    );
+
+    std::string tmp = find_and_replace("Naif", "a", "afa");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        find_and_replace(tmp, "i", "ifi").c_str(), 
+        "Nafaifif"
+    );
+
+    tmp = find_and_replace("aeiou", "a", "afa");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "e", "efe");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "i", "ifi");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "o", "ofo");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "u", "ufu");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        tmp.c_str(), 
+        "afaefeifiofoufu"
+    );
+
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "afa", "a");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "efe", "e");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "ifi", "i");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "ofo", "o");
+    tmp = find_and_replace(tmp, "ufu", "u");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        tmp.c_str(), 
+        "aeiou"
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(UtilsTest, TestFindAndReplaceWstr) {
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        find_and_replace<wchar_t>(L"Jeff", L"e", L"efe").c_str(), 
+        L"Jefeff"
+    );
+
+    std::wstring tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(L"Naif", L"a", L"afa");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"i", L"ifi").c_str(), 
+        L"Nafaifif"
+    );
+
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(L"aeiou", L"a", L"afa");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"e", L"efe");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"i", L"ifi");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"o", L"ofo");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"u", L"ufu");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        tmp.c_str(), 
+        L"afaefeifiofoufu"
+    );
+
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"afa", L"a");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"efe", L"e");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"ifi", L"i");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"ofo", L"o");
+    tmp = find_and_replace<wchar_t>(tmp, L"ufu", L"u");
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        tmp.c_str(), 
+        L"aeiou"
+    );
+}
+
+/* TEST(UtilsTest, TestWstrToStr) {
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::wstr_to_str(L"Hi!").c_str(), 
+        "Hi!"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::wstr_to_str(L"Naif").c_str(),
+        "Naif"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::wstr_to_str(L"\r\r\r\n").c_str(),
+        "\r\r\r\n"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::wstr_to_str(L"Naif\ttalks\r\ra\t\nlot").c_str(),
+        "Naif\ttalks\r\ra\t\nlot"
+    );
+} */
+
+/* TEST(UtilsTest, TestStrToWstr) {
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::str_to_wstr("Hi!").c_str(), 
+        L"Hi!"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::str_to_wstr("Naif").c_str(),
+        L"Naif"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::str_to_wstr("\r\r\r\n").c_str(),
+        L"\r\r\r\n"
+    );
+    ASSERT_STREQ(
+        nb::str_to_wstr("Naif\ttalks\r\ra\t\nlot").c_str(),
+        L"Naif\ttalks\r\ra\t\nlot"
+    );
+} */
+
+struct A { bool x(); };
+struct B { bool y(); };
+struct C { bool x(); bool y; };
+struct D : C {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using has_x = decltype(T::x);
+
+template <typename T>
+using has_y = decltype(T::y);
+
+TEST(UtilsTest, TestIsDetected) {
+    auto ret = is_detected<has_x, A>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+    ret = is_detected<has_y, A>::value;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(ret);
+
+    ret = is_detected<has_y, B>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+    ret = is_detected<has_x, B>::value;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(ret);
+
+    ret = is_detected<has_x, C>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+    ret = is_detected<has_y, C>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+
+    ret = is_detected<has_x, D>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+    ret = is_detected<has_y, D>::value;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
+}
+
+} // namespace nb

engine/NBGraphics/Buffers.hpp

@@ -4,16 +4,18 @@
 
 #include "GLLoad.hpp"
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <NBCore/Errors.hpp>
-#include <NBCore/Types.hpp>
+#include <NBCore/Logger.hpp>
+#include <NBCore/Utils.hpp>
+
+#include "OGLObjects.hpp"
 
 namespace nb {
 
-typedef std::vector<unsigned char> RawVec;
-
 static uint8_t GLSLTypeSize(GLenum type) {
     switch(type) {
     case GL_SHORT:
@@ -35,51 +37,30 @@ static uint8_t GLSLTypeSize(GLenum type) {
     }
 }
 
-struct VertexAttributePointer {
-    GLuint buffer = 0;
-    int32_t offset = 0;
-    GLsizei stride = -1;
-    GLuint divisor = 0;
-};
-
-struct VertexAttribute {
-    GLint GLSLSize;
-    GLenum GLSLType;
-    GLboolean GLSLNormalization;
-    VertexAttributePointer ptr;
-};
-
-static bool isIndexInVertexAttribute(int i, const VertexAttribute& va) {
-    if ((i -= va.ptr.offset) < 0) { return false; }
-    return (i%va.ptr.stride) < GLSLTypeSize(va.GLSLType) * va.GLSLSize;
-}
-
-typedef std::vector<VertexAttribute> VertexAttributeList;
-
 template<typename T>
-RawVec vectorToRaw(const std::vector<T>& vec) {
+ByteVector vectorToRaw(const std::vector<T>& vec) {
     unsigned int num_bytes = vec.size() * sizeof(T);
-    RawVec ret(num_bytes);
+    ByteVector ret(num_bytes);
     memcpy(ret.data(), vec.data(), num_bytes);
     return ret;
 }
 
 template<typename T, typename S>
-RawVec concatVectorsToRaw(const std::vector<T>& vec1, const std::vector<S>& vec2) {
+ByteVector concatVectorsToRaw(const std::vector<T>& vec1, const std::vector<S>& vec2) {
-    RawVec vec1_raw = vectorToRaw<T>(vec1);
+    ByteVector vec1_raw = vectorToRaw<T>(vec1);
-    RawVec vec2_raw = vectorToRaw<S>(vec2);
+    ByteVector vec2_raw = vectorToRaw<S>(vec2);
     unsigned int vec1_raw_size = vec1_raw.size();
     unsigned int vec2_raw_size = vec2_raw.size();
-    RawVec ret(vec1_raw_size + vec2_raw_size);
+    ByteVector ret(vec1_raw_size + vec2_raw_size);
     memcpy(ret.data(), vec1_raw.data(), vec1_raw_size);
     memcpy(ret.data() + vec1_raw_size, vec2_raw.data(), vec2_raw_size);
     return ret;
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-std::vector<T> rawToVector(const RawVec& vec) {
+std::vector<T> rawToVector(const ByteVector& vec) {
     if (vec.size() % sizeof(T) != 0) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Data size does not align to std::vector<" + std::string(typeid(T).name()) + ">.");
+        THROW(std::runtime_error("Data size does not align to std::vector<" + std::string(typeid(T).name()) + ">."));
     }
     unsigned int num_elmts = vec.size() / sizeof(T);
     std::vector<T> ret(num_elmts);
@@ -88,278 +69,206 @@ std::vector<T> rawToVector(const RawVec& vec) {
     return ret;
 }
 
-class BufferError : public std::runtime_error {
+class BufferError : public Error<BufferError> {
+    using Base = Error<BufferError>;
+    
     public:
-    const bool error;
-    BufferError(const std::string& msg, const std::string& file="", int line=-1) 
-        : std::runtime_error(NB::formatDebugString(msg, file, line)), error(true) {}
-    BufferError(bool isError=true) : std::runtime_error(""), error(isError) {}
-};
-
-
-template <typename ObjectType>
-class OpenGLObject {
-public:
-    OpenGLObject(OpenGLObject&&) = default;
-    OpenGLObject& operator=(OpenGLObject&&) = default;
-    ~OpenGLObject() { remove(); }
-    
-    virtual void bind() const = 0;
-    virtual void unbind() const = 0;
-    virtual bool isInitialized() const = 0;
-    GLuint id() const { return _id; }
-
-protected:
-    OpenGLObject() = default;
-    OpenGLObject(const OpenGLObject&) = delete;
-    OpenGLObject& operator=(const OpenGLObject&) = delete;
-
-    virtual void remove() const = 0;
-
-    GLuint _id;
-};
-
-class VAO : public virtual OpenGLObject<VAO> {
-public:
-    using Base = OpenGLObject<VAO>;
     using Base::Base;
     
-    VAO() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id); }
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
+        UNDEFINED, DATA_OVERFLOW, INVALID_BUFFER, HANDLE_OVERWRITE
+    };
 
-    void bind() const { glBindVertexArray(_id); }
+    static const std::string type;
-    void unbind() const { glBindVertexArray(0); }
+    static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+};
 
+template <typename BufferType>
+class Buffer : public OpenGLObject {
+    using Codes = BufferError::Codes;
+    
+    public:
+    using OpenGLObject::OpenGLObject;
+    
+    Buffer() = default;
+    Buffer(Buffer&& other) {
+        *this = std::move(other);
+    }
+    Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& rhs) {
+        if (_id) { THROW(BufferError(Codes::HANDLE_OVERWRITE)); }
+        _id = rhs._id;
+        _usage = rhs._usage;
+        _size = rhs._size;
+
+        rhs._id = 0;
+        rhs._usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+        rhs._size = 0;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    virtual void bind() const override {
+        if (_id) {
+            glBindBuffer(Target, _id);
+        }
+        THROW(BufferError(Codes::INVALID_BUFFER));
+    }
+    virtual void unbind() const override { glBindBuffer(Target, 0); }
+    virtual GLenum usage() const { return _usage; }
+    virtual GLenum usage(GLenum usage_) {
+        _usage = usage_;
+        data(data(), _usage);
+        return _usage;
+    }
+    virtual size_t size() const { return _size; }
+    virtual ByteVector data() const {
+        bind();
+        ByteVector ret(_size);
+        glGetBufferSubData(Target, 0, _size, ret.data());
+        return ret;
+    }
+    virtual void data(
+        const void* data_,
+        GLsizei size_,
+        GLenum usage_=GL_STATIC_DRAW
+    ) {
+        declare();
+        bind();
+        glBufferData(Target, size_, data_, usage_);
+        _size = size_;
+        _usage = usage_;
+    }
+    virtual void data(const ByteVector& data_, GLenum usage_=GL_STATIC_DRAW) {
+        data(Target, data_.size(), data_.data(), usage_);
+
+    }
+    virtual void subdata(void* data_, GLsizeiptr size_, GLintptr offset_=0) {
+        bind();
+        if (offset_+size_ <= _size) {
+            THROW(BufferError(BufferError::Codes::DATA_OVERFLOW));
+        }
+        glBufferSubData(Target, offset_, size_, data_);
+    }
+    virtual void subdata(ByteVector& data_, GLintptr offset_=0) {
+        bind();
+        size_t size_ = data_.size();
+        if (offset_+size_ <= _size) {
+            THROW(BufferError(BufferError::Codes::DATA_OVERFLOW));
+        }
+        glBufferSubData(Target, offset_, data_.size(), data_.data());
+    }
+    // virtual void clear() const { glClearBufferData(Target, ) }
+    static const GLenum Target;
 
     protected:
-    using Base::_id;
+    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    const 
+    GLenum _usage = GL_STATIC_DRAW;
-
+    size_t _size;
-    void remove() { glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &_id); }
+    virtual GLuint declare() override {
+        if (!_id) {
+            glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+        }
+        return _id;
+    } 
+    virtual void remove() override {
+        if (_id) {
+            glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id);
+            _id = 0;
+        }
+    }
 
 };
 
 template<typename BufferType>
-class Buffer : public virtual OpenGLObject<Buffer<BufferType>> {
+const GLenum Buffer<BufferType>::Target = BufferType::Target;
+
+template <typename BufferType>
+class ImmutableBuffer : public virtual Buffer<BufferType> {
     public:
-    using Base = OpenGLObject<Buffer>;
+    using Base = Buffer<BufferType>;
-    using Base::Base;
+    using Base::Target;
+    using Base::bind;
 
-    Buffer(GLenum usage_ = GL_STATIC_DRAW) : usage(usage_) { glGenBuffers(1,  &_id); }
+    ImmutableBuffer() = default;
+    ImmutableBuffer(size_t size_, GLenum usage_ = GL_STATIC_DRAW, GLbitfield flags_=0x0) : size(size_), Base::usage(usage_) {
+        glBufferStorage(Target, size, nullptr, flags_);
+    }
 
-    void bind() const { glBindBuffer(GLTarget, _id); }
+    std::weak_ptr<void> map(GLbitfield access_) {
-    void unbind() const { glBindBuffer(GLTarget, 0); }
+        if (_map && _mapAccess != access_) { unmap(); }
-    void data(void* data_, size_t size) const { glBufferData(GLTarget, size, data_, usage); }
+        _mapAccess = access_;
-    void data(nb::ByteVector& data_) const { glBufferData(GLTarget, data_.size(), data_.data(), usage); }
+        if (!_map) {
-    void invalidate() const { glInvalidateBufferData(_id); }
+            bind();
+            glMapBuffer(Target, _mapAccess);
+        }
+        return _map;
+    }
+    void unmap() {
+        bind();
+        glUnmapBuffer(Target);
+        _map.reset();
+    }
     
-
+    const size_t size;
-    const GLenum GLTarget = BufferType::GLTarget;
-    GLenum usage;
 
 protected:
     using Base::_id;
-    void remove() { glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id); }
+    std::shared_ptr<void> _map = nullptr;
+    GLbitfield _mapAccess = 0;
 
 };
 
-class VertexBuffer : public virtual Buffer<VertexBuffer> {
+template<bool Immutable=false>
-public:
+class ArrayBuffer : public Buffer<ArrayBuffer<false>> {
+    using Base = Buffer<ArrayBuffer<false>>;
+    using BufferType = Base;
+
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    using Base::data;
+    ArrayBuffer(const ByteVector&, GLenum usage_=GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+    static const GLenum Target = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
 
-    static const GLenum GLTarget = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
     protected:
+    using Base::_usage;
+};
+
+template <>
+class ArrayBuffer<true> 
+: public virtual ArrayBuffer<false>, public virtual ImmutableBuffer<ArrayBuffer<true>> {
+    using Base = ArrayBuffer<false>;
+    using BufferType = ImmutableBuffer<ArrayBuffer<true>>;
+    using BufferType::BufferType;
+
+    public:
+    using Base::Target;
 
 };
 
-class ElementBuffer : public virtual Buffer<ElementBuffer> {
+template<bool Immutable=false>
-public:
+class ElementBuffer : public virtual Buffer<ElementBuffer<false>> {
+    using Base = Buffer<ElementBuffer<false>>;
+    using BufferType = Base;
     
-    static const GLenum GLTarget = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    static const GLenum Target = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
 
     protected:
 
 };
 
-/*
+template <>
-class Buffer : public OpenGLObject {
+class ElementBuffer<true> 
+: public virtual ElementBuffer<false>, public virtual ImmutableBuffer<ElementBuffer<true>> {
+    using Base = ElementBuffer<false>;
+    using BufferType = ImmutableBuffer<ElementBuffer<true>>;
+
     public:
-    Buffer(
+    using BufferType::BufferType;
-        GLenum buffer_type,
+    using Base::Target;
-        GLenum usage=GL_STATIC_DRAW
-    ) : _type(buffer_type), _usage(usage) {
-            glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
-    }
-    Buffer(
-        const RawVec& init_data,
-        GLenum buffer_type,
-        GLenum usage=GL_STATIC_DRAW
-    ) : _type{buffer_type}, _usage{usage} { data(init_data); }
-    Buffer(
-        unsigned int size,
-        GLenum buffer_type,
-        GLenum usage=GL_STATIC_DRAW
-    ) : Buffer(RawVec(size), buffer_type, usage) {}
-
-    Buffer(Buffer&& rhs) { *this = std::move(rhs); }
-    Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& rhs) {
-        remove();
-        _usage = rhs._usage;
-        _id = rhs._id;
-        rhs._id = 0;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    GLenum usage() const { return _usage; }
-    unsigned int id() const { return _id; }
-    GLuint size() const { return _size; }
-    bool isInitialized() const override { return _id && glIsBuffer(_id) && bool(_size); }
-    RawVec data() const {
-        RawVec ret(_size);
-        bind();
-        glGetBufferSubData(_type, 0, _size, ret.data());
-        return ret;
-    }
-    void bind() const override { glBindBuffer(_type, _id); }
-    void unbind() const override { glBindBuffer(_type, 0); }
-
-    GLenum usage(GLenum usage) {
-        _usage=usage;
-        data(data());
-        return _usage;
-    }
-    void data(const RawVec& set_data) {
-        if (!glfwGetCurrentContext()) {
-            THROW_BUFFER_ERROR("No OpenGL context.");
-        }
-        bind();
-        glBufferData(_type, set_data.size(), set_data.data(), _usage);
-        _size = set_data.size();
-    }
-    void data(const RawVec& newData, unsigned int offset) {
-        if (newData.size()+offset > _size) {
-            THROW_BUFFER_ERROR("Attempting to overflow buffer of capacity " + std::to_string(_size) + ".");
-        }
-        bind();
-        glBufferSubData(_type, offset, newData.size(), newData.data());
-    }
-    void data(void* src, unsigned int offset, unsigned int size) {
-        if (size+offset > _size) {
-            THROW_BUFFER_ERROR("Attempting to overflow buffer of capacity " + std::to_string(_size) + ".");
-        }
-        bind();
-        glBufferSubData(_type, offset, size, src);
-    }
-
-protected:
-    virtual void remove() const override {
-        unbind();
-        if (_id) { glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id); }
-    }
-
-    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    GLenum _type;
-    GLenum _usage;
-    unsigned int _size = 0;
-};
-
-
-class Texture : public OpenGLObject {
-public:
-    Texture(GLenum tar=GL_TEXTURE_2D) : _target(tar) { glGenTextures(1, &_id); }
-
-    Texture(Texture&& rhs) { *this=std::move(rhs); }
-    Texture& operator=(Texture&& rhs) {
-        _target = rhs._target;
-        _id = rhs._id;
-        rhs._id = 0;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    void bind() const override { glBindTexture(_target, _id); }
-    void unbind() const override { glBindTexture(_target, 0); }
-    bool isInitialized() const override { return _id && glIsTexture(_id); }
-
-protected:
-    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    GLenum _target;
-};
-
-class Framebuffer : public OpenGLObject {
-public:
-
-    Framebuffer(GLenum tar=GL_FRAMEBUFFER) : _target(tar) { glGenFramebuffers(1, &_id); }
-
-    Framebuffer(Framebuffer&& rhs) { *this=std::move(rhs); }
-    Framebuffer& operator=(Framebuffer&& rhs) {
-        remove();
-        _target = rhs._target;
-        _id = rhs._id;
-        rhs._id = 0;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    void bind() const override { glBindFramebuffer(_target, _id); }
-    void unbind() const override { glBindFramebuffer(_target, 0); }
-    bool isInitialized() const override { return _id && glIsFramebuffer(_id); }
-    GLenum status() const {
-        bind();
-        return glCheckFramebufferStatus(_target);
-    }
-
-
-protected:
-    virtual void remove() const override {
-        unbind();
-        if (_id) { glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &_id); }
-    }
-    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    GLenum _target;
-};
-
-class Renderbuffer : public OpenGLObject {
-public:
-    Renderbuffer(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, GLenum format=GL_RGBA32F, unsigned int multi=0) : Renderbuffer() {
-        storage(x, y, format, multi);
-    }
-    Renderbuffer() { glGenRenderbuffers(1, &_id); }
-
-
-    Renderbuffer(Renderbuffer&& rhs) { *this = std::move(rhs); }
-    Renderbuffer& operator=(Renderbuffer&& rhs) {
-        _format = rhs._format;
-        _id = rhs._id;
-        rhs._id = 0;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    virtual void bind() const override { glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, _id); }
-    virtual void unbind() const override { glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, _id); }
-    virtual bool isInitialized() const override { return _id && glIsRenderbuffer(_id); }
-
-    void storage(unsigned int x, unsigned int y, GLenum format=GL_RGBA32F, unsigned int multi=0) {
-        _sizex = x;
-        _sizey = y;
-        _format = format;
-        _multisample = multi;
-        bind();
-        glRenderbufferStorageMultisample(GL_RENDERBUFFER, _multisample, _format, _sizex, _sizey);
-    }
-
-
-protected:
-    virtual void remove() const override {
-        unbind();
-        if (_id) { glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &_id); }
-    }
-
-    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    GLenum _format;
-    unsigned int _sizex{0};
-    unsigned int _sizey{0};
-    unsigned int _multisample{0};
 
 };
 
-*/
-
 } // namespace NB
 #endif // _NB_BUFFER

engine/NBGraphics/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-include_directories(./.)
-
 find_package(OpenGL)
 add_subdirectory(${GLFW_PATH} ${GLFW_PATH}/build)
 
@@ -10,8 +8,11 @@ set(GLFW_BUILD_TESTS OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 set(GLFW_BUILD_EXAMPLES OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 
 toAbsolutePath(NB_GRAPHICS_SOURCE
-    ./src/Window.cpp
     ./src/Buffers.cpp
+    ./src/OGLObjects.cpp
+    ./src/Textures.cpp
+    ./src/VertexArray.cpp
+    ./src/Window.cpp
 )
 
 toAbsolutePath(NB_GRAPHICS_INCLUDE
@@ -19,8 +20,10 @@ toAbsolutePath(NB_GRAPHICS_INCLUDE
     ./Camera.hpp
     ./Draw.hpp
     ./GLLoad.hpp
+    ./OGLObjects.hpp
     ./shader.hpp
-    ./VAOManager.hpp
+    ./Textures.hpp
+    ./VertexArray.hpp
     ./Window.hpp
 )
 
@@ -31,4 +34,11 @@ add_library(NBGraphics
     ${NB_GRAPHICS_SOURCE}
     ${GLAD_PATH}/src/glad.c
 )
-target_link_libraries(NBGraphics glfw3)
+target_link_libraries(NBGraphics glfw)
+
+target_include_directories(NBGraphics PUBLIC ./.)
+
+if (NB_BUILD_TESTS)
+    add_subdirectory(./tests)
+endif()
+

engine/NBGraphics/Camera.hpp

@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 #ifndef _NB_CAMERA
 #define _NB_CAMERA
 
-#include <GLLoad.h>
+#include "GLLoad.hpp"
+
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_inverse.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
 
-namespace NB {
+namespace nb {
 
 class Camera {
 public:

engine/NBGraphics/GLLoad.hpp

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
-#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace NB {

engine/NBGraphics/OGLObjects.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef _NB_OGL_OBJECTS
+#define _NB_OGL_OBJECTS
+
+#include "GLLoad.hpp"
+
+#include <NBCore/Errors.hpp>
+
+namespace nb {
+
+class OGLError : public Error<OGLError> {
+    using Base = Error<OGLError>;
+    
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
+        UNDEFINED, HANGING_OBJECT
+    };
+
+    static const std::string type;
+    static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+};
+
+class OpenGLObject {
+    public:
+    OpenGLObject(const OpenGLObject&) = delete;
+    OpenGLObject& operator=(const OpenGLObject&) = delete;
+    ~OpenGLObject() { remove(); }
+    
+    virtual void bind() const = 0;
+    virtual void unbind() const = 0;
+    GLuint id() const { return _id; }
+    
+    protected:
+    OpenGLObject() = default;
+    
+    virtual GLuint declare() = 0;
+    virtual void remove() { this->remove(); };
+
+    GLuint _id;
+};
+
+} // namespace nb
+#endif // _NB_OGL_OBJECTS

engine/NBGraphics/Textures.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef _NB_TEXTURES
+#define _NB_TEXTURES
+
+#include "Buffers.hpp"
+#include "OGLObjects.hpp"
+
+namespace nb {
+
+template<bool Immutable=false>
+class TextureBuffer : public virtual Buffer<TextureBuffer<false>> {
+    using Base = Buffer<TextureBuffer<false>>;
+    using BufferType = Base;
+
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    static const GLenum Target = GL_TEXTURE_BUFFER;
+
+    protected:
+
+};
+
+template <>
+class TextureBuffer<true> 
+: public virtual TextureBuffer<false>, public virtual ImmutableBuffer<TextureBuffer<true>> {
+    using Base = TextureBuffer<false>;
+    using BufferType = ImmutableBuffer<TextureBuffer<true>>;
+    
+    public:
+    using BufferType::BufferType;
+    using Base::Target;
+};
+
+class Texture : public OpenGLObject {
+    using Base = OpenGLObject;
+public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    using Base::id;
+
+    Texture(GLenum);
+
+    virtual void bind() const override { glBindTexture(target, _id); }
+    virtual void unbind() const override { glBindTexture(target, 0); }
+
+    const GLenum target;
+
+    friend Base;
+
+    protected:
+    using Base::_id;
+
+    virtual void remove() override {
+        if (_id) {
+            glDeleteTextures(0, &_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+};
+
+} // namespace nb
+#endif // _NB_TEXTURES

engine/NBGraphics/VAOManager.hpp

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-#ifndef _NB_VAO_MANAGER
-#define _NB_VAO_MANAGER
-
-#include <GLLoad.h>
-
-#include <exception>
-#include <memory>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "Buffers.h"
-
-#define THROW_VAO_ERROR(msg) throw VAOError(msg, __FILE__, __LINE__);
-
-namespace NB {
-
-class VAOError : public std::runtime_error {
-public:
-    const bool error;
-    VAOError(const std::string& msg, const std::string& file="", int line=-1) 
-        : std::runtime_error(NB::formatDebugString(msg, file, line)), error(true) {}
-    VAOError(bool isError=true) : std::runtime_error(""), error(isError) {}
-};
-
-class VAOManager : public OpenGLObject {
-public:
-    typedef std::shared_ptr<Buffer> BufferManagerPointer;
-    //typedef BufferManager BufferManagerPointer;
-
-    VAOManager();
-    VAOManager(
-        std::vector<BufferManagerPointer>,
-        BufferManagerPointer elmt_buf = nullptr,
-        const VertexAttributeList& vert_attrs = {}
-    );
-    VAOManager(
-        BufferManagerPointer vert_bufs,
-        BufferManagerPointer elmt_buf = nullptr,
-        const VertexAttributeList& vert_attrs = {}
-    ) : VAOManager(std::vector<BufferManagerPointer>(1, vert_bufs), elmt_buf, vert_attrs) {}
-
-    VAOManager(VAOManager&& rhs);
-    VAOManager& operator=(VAOManager&& rhs);
-
-    VertexAttributeList getLayout() const;
-    GLuint id() const;
-    unsigned int vertSize(GLuint) const;
-    std::vector<BufferManagerPointer> getVertexBuffers() const;
-    bool isInitialized() const override;
-    RawVec attributeData(unsigned int);
-
-    RawVec attributeData(unsigned int, const RawVec&);
-    void bind() const;
-    void unbind() const;
-    void addVBO(BufferManagerPointer);
-    void changeEBO(BufferManagerPointer);
-    VertexAttributeList addVertexAttributes(const VertexAttributeList&);
-    VertexAttributeList addVertexAttributes(VertexAttribute);
-    VertexAttributeList generate();
-    VertexAttributeList generate(VertexAttributeList);
-    VertexAttributeList changeLayout(unsigned int, VertexAttributePointer);
-
-    VAOError checkValid(const VertexAttributeList&);
-
-private:
-    void remove() const override;
-
-    using OpenGLObject::_id;
-    std::map<GLuint, BufferManagerPointer> _vert_buffers;
-    BufferManagerPointer _elmt_buffer = nullptr;
-    VertexAttributeList _vert_attrs;
-};
-
-} // namespace NB
-#endif // _NB_VAO_MANAGER

engine/NBGraphics/VertexArray.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef _NB_VERTEX_ARRAY
+#define _NB_VERTEX_ARRAY
+
+#include "GLLoad.hpp"
+
+#include <NBCore/Errors.hpp>
+
+#include "Buffers.hpp"
+#include "OGLObjects.hpp"
+
+
+namespace nb {
+
+struct VertexAttributeLayout {
+    int32_t offset = 0;
+    GLsizei stride = 0;
+    GLuint divisor = 0;
+};
+
+struct VertexAttribute {
+    GLint GLSLSize;
+    GLenum GLSLType;
+    GLboolean GLSLNormalization;
+    VertexAttributeLayout layout;
+};
+
+struct VertexAttributePointer;
+
+static bool isIndexInVertexAttribute(int i, const VertexAttribute& va) {
+    if ((i -= va.layout.offset) < 0) { return false; }
+    return (i%va.layout.stride) < GLSLTypeSize(va.GLSLType) * va.GLSLSize;
+}
+
+typedef std::vector<VertexAttribute> VertexAttributeList;
+typedef std::vector<VertexAttributePointer> VertexAttributePointerList;
+
+class VAOError : public Error<VAOError> {
+    using Base = Error<VAOError>;
+    
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    
+    enum Codes : unsigned int {
+        UNDEFINED, INVALID_ATTRIBUTE, INVALID_VAO
+    };
+
+    static const std::string type;
+    static const ErrorCodeMap ErrorMessages;
+};
+
+template <bool Immutable=false>
+class VertexBuffer : public ArrayBuffer<false>{
+    using Base = ArrayBuffer<Immutable>;
+
+    public:
+    template<typename... Args>
+    VertexBuffer(const VertexAttributeList& vas, Args... args)
+    : attributes(vas) {
+        if (sizeof...(Args)) {
+            data(args...);
+        }
+    }
+
+    using Base::Target;
+    const VertexAttributeList attributes;
+
+    protected:
+    using Base::_usage;
+
+};
+
+template <>
+class VertexBuffer<true> 
+: public virtual VertexBuffer<false>, public virtual ImmutableBuffer<ArrayBuffer<true>> {
+    using Base = ArrayBuffer<false>;
+    using BufferType = ImmutableBuffer<ArrayBuffer<true>>;
+    using BufferType::BufferType;
+
+    public:
+    using Base::Target;
+
+};
+
+struct VertexAttributePointer {
+    VertexAttribute attribute;
+    VertexBuffer<false>* buffer;
+    GLuint index;
+};
+
+class VAO : public OpenGLObject {
+    using Base = OpenGLObject;
+    using Codes = VAOError::Codes;
+
+    public:
+    using Base::Base;
+    VAO() = default;
+    VAO(const VertexAttributePointerList&);
+    VAO(VAO&&);
+
+    VAO& operator=(VAO&&);
+
+    virtual void bind() const override {
+        if(_id) {
+            glBindVertexArray(_id);
+        } else {
+            THROW(Codes::INVALID_VAO);
+        }
+    }
+    virtual void unbind() const override { glBindVertexArray(0); }
+
+    VertexAttributePointerList attributes() const;
+    VertexAttributePointerList attributes(const VertexAttributePointerList&);
+    VertexAttributePointer attr(GLuint) const;
+    void enable() const;
+    void enable(GLuint) const;
+    void disable() const;
+    void disable(GLuint) const;
+
+    protected:
+    using Base::_id;
+    VertexAttributePointerList _attrs;
+
+    virtual void remove() override {
+        if(_id) {
+            disable();
+            bind();
+            glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &_id);
+            _id = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    virtual GLuint declare() override {
+        if (!_id) {
+            glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
+        }
+        return _id;
+    }
+
+};
+
+class VertexGroup {
+    public:
+    VertexGroup(VertexGroup&&);
+    VertexGroup& operator=(VertexGroup&&);
+
+    void bind() const {
+        _elmt_buf.bind();
+        _vao.bind();
+    }
+    void unbind() const {
+        _vao.bind();
+        _elmt_buf.unbind();
+    }
+
+    VertexBuffer<false>& buffer(size_t);
+    size_t buffer(VertexBuffer<false>&&);
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<VertexBuffer<false>>> buffers();
+    size_t buffers(std::vector<VertexBuffer<false>>&&);
+    VertexBuffer<false>&& dropBuffer(size_t);
+
+    VertexAttributePointer attribute(size_t) const;
+    void enableAttr(GLuint);
+    void disableAttr(GLuint);
+    void enableBuffer(size_t);
+    void disableBuffer(size_t);
+    void enable();
+    void disable();
+
+    protected:
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<VertexBuffer<false>>> _vertex_data;
+    ElementBuffer<false> _elmt_buf;
+    VAO _vao;
+};
+
+} // namespace nb
+#endif // _NB_VERTEX_ARRAY

engine/NBGraphics/Window.hpp

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
 
 #include "GLLoad.hpp"
 
-#include <atomic>
 #include <array>
 #include <map>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <NBCore/Utils.hpp>
+
 namespace nb {
 
 class GLError : public std::runtime_error {

engine/NBGraphics/src/Buffers.cpp

@@ -2,4 +2,20 @@
 
 namespace nb {
 
+using BufferErrorCodes = BufferError::Codes;
+const std::string BufferError::type = "nb::BufferError";
+const ErrorCodeMap BufferError::ErrorMessages = {
+    { BufferErrorCodes::UNDEFINED, "Error" },
+    { BufferErrorCodes::DATA_OVERFLOW, "Attempting buffer overflow" },
+    { BufferErrorCodes::INVALID_BUFFER, "Attempting operation on invalid buffer" },
+    {BufferErrorCodes::HANDLE_OVERWRITE, "Attempting to overwrite active buffer"}
+
+};
+
+template<>
+ArrayBuffer<false>::ArrayBuffer(const ByteVector& data_, GLenum usage_) 
+: BufferType() {
+    data(data_, usage_);
+}
+
 }

engine/NBGraphics/src/Camera.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-#include "Camera.h"
+#include "Camera.hpp"
-namespace NB {
+
+namespace nb {
 
 // Camera class
 Camera::Camera(const Vec3& pos, const Vec3& tar, const Vec3& up) {

engine/NBGraphics/src/OGLObjects.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "OGLObjects.hpp"
+
+namespace nb {
+
+const std::string OGLError::type = "nb::OGLError";
+const ErrorCodeMap OGLError::ErrorMessages = {
+    { OGLError::Codes::UNDEFINED, "Error" },
+    {OGLError::Codes::HANGING_OBJECT, "Attempting to leave a hanging OpenGL object"}
+};
+
+} // namespace nb

engine/NBGraphics/src/Textures.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include "Textures.hpp"
+
+namespace nb{
+
+Texture::Texture(GLenum target_) : target(target_) {
+    glGenTextures(1, &_id);
+}
+
+
+} // namespace nb

engine/NBGraphics/src/VAOManager.cpp

@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-#include "VAOManager.hpp"
-
-namespace NB {
-
-using BufferManagerPointer = std::shared_ptr<Buffer>;
-
-VAOManager::VAOManager() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id); }
-
-VAOManager::VAOManager(
-        std::vector<BufferManagerPointer> vert_bufs,
-        BufferManagerPointer elmt_buf,
-        const VertexAttributeList& vert_attrs
-) : VAOManager() {
-    _elmt_buffer = elmt_buf;
-    for (BufferManagerPointer vb : vert_bufs) {
-        _vert_buffers[vb->id()] = vb;
-    }
-    if (vert_attrs.size()!=0) {
-        generate(vert_attrs);
-    }
-}
-
-VAOManager::VAOManager(VAOManager&& rhs) { *this = std::move(rhs); }
-
-VAOManager& VAOManager::operator=(VAOManager&& rhs) {
-    remove();
-    _vert_buffers = rhs._vert_buffers;
-    _elmt_buffer = rhs._elmt_buffer;
-    _vert_attrs = rhs._vert_attrs;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::getLayout() const { return _vert_attrs; }
-
-GLuint VAOManager::id() const { return _id; }
-
-bool VAOManager::isInitialized() const {
-    return _id && glIsVertexArray(_id);
-}
-
-void VAOManager::remove() const {
-    bind();
-    for (int i{0}; i < _vert_attrs.size(); ++i) {
-        glDisableVertexAttribArray(i);
-    }
-    unbind();
-    glDisableVertexAttribArray(_id);
-}
-
-unsigned int VAOManager::vertSize(GLuint id) const {
-    unsigned int size = 0; 
-    for (const VertexAttribute& va : _vert_attrs) {
-        if (va.ptr.buffer == id) {
-            size += va.GLSLSize * GLSLTypeSize(va.GLSLType);
-        }
-    }
-    return size;
-}
-
-std::vector<BufferManagerPointer> VAOManager::getVertexBuffers() const {
-    std::vector<BufferManagerPointer> ret;
-    for (const auto& i : _vert_buffers) {
-        ret.emplace_back(i.second);
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-RawVec VAOManager::attributeData(unsigned int i) {
-    if (i <= _vert_attrs.size()) {
-        throw std::out_of_range("No vertex attribute exists for specified index");
-    }
-    VertexAttribute attr = _vert_attrs[i];
-    BufferManagerPointer buffer = _vert_buffers[attr.ptr.buffer]; 
-    RawVec data = buffer->data();
-    unsigned int attr_size = attr.GLSLSize*GLSLTypeSize(attr.GLSLType);
-    RawVec ret((buffer->size()-attr.ptr.offset-attr_size)*attr_size/attr.ptr.stride);
-    int data_size = data.size();
-    for (int i{0}; i < data_size; ++i) {
-        if (isIndexInVertexAttribute(i, attr)) {
-            ret[i] = data[i];
-        }
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-RawVec VAOManager::attributeData(unsigned int i, const RawVec& new_data) {
-    if (i >= _vert_attrs.size()) {
-        throw std::out_of_range("No vertex attribute exists for specified index.");
-    }
-    VertexAttribute attr = _vert_attrs[i];
-    BufferManagerPointer buffer = _vert_buffers[attr.ptr.buffer]; 
-    unsigned int attr_size = attr.GLSLSize*GLSLTypeSize(attr.GLSLType);
-    unsigned int offset = attr.ptr.offset;
-    unsigned int num_verts = buffer->size() / vertSize(buffer->id());
-    if (num_verts*attr_size != new_data.size()) {
-        // WHY HERE????
-        THROW_VAO_ERROR(
-            "Input data size of " + std::to_string(new_data.size()) 
-            + " does not match data size for requested vertex attribute of total size " + std::to_string(num_verts*attr_size)
-            + "."
-        );
-    }
-    uint64_t pos = uint64_t(new_data.data());
-    for (int i{0}; i<num_verts; i++) {
-        buffer->data((void*)(pos+i*attr_size), offset+i*attr.ptr.stride, attr_size);
-    }
-    return RawVec(new_data);
-}
-
-void VAOManager::bind() const {
-    glBindVertexArray(_id); 
-    if (_elmt_buffer) { _elmt_buffer->bind(); }
-}
-
-void VAOManager::unbind() const {
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
-    if (_elmt_buffer) { _elmt_buffer->unbind(); }
-}
-
-void VAOManager::addVBO(BufferManagerPointer vert_buf) {
-    GLuint vert_id = vert_buf->id();
-    if (_vert_buffers.find(vert_id) == _vert_buffers.end()) {
-        _vert_buffers[vert_buf->id()] = vert_buf;
-    } else {
-        THROW_VAO_ERROR("Attempting to add identical VBO id of " + std::to_string(vert_id) + ".");
-    }
-}
-
-void VAOManager::changeEBO(BufferManagerPointer ebo) {
-    _elmt_buffer = ebo;
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::addVertexAttributes(const VertexAttributeList& vert_attrs) { 
-    VertexAttributeList curr_vas = _vert_attrs;
-    curr_vas.insert(curr_vas.end(), vert_attrs.begin(), vert_attrs.end());
-    try {
-        throw checkValid(curr_vas);
-    } catch (VAOError vaoe) {
-        if (vaoe.error) {
-            THROW_VAO_ERROR(vaoe.what());
-        }
-    }
-    _vert_attrs = curr_vas;
-    generate();
-    return _vert_attrs;
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::addVertexAttributes(VertexAttribute vert_attr) {
-    return addVertexAttributes({vert_attr});
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::generate() {
-    bind();
-    unsigned int num_attrs = _vert_attrs.size();
-    VertexAttribute* va;
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_attrs; ++i) {
-        va = &(_vert_attrs[i]);
-        _vert_buffers[va->ptr.buffer]->bind();
-        glVertexAttribPointer(
-            i,
-            va->GLSLSize,
-            va->GLSLType,
-            va->GLSLNormalization,
-            va->ptr.stride,
-            (void*)va->ptr.offset
-        );
-        glVertexAttribDivisor(i, va->ptr.divisor);
-        glEnableVertexAttribArray(i);
-    }
-    if (_elmt_buffer != nullptr) {
-        _elmt_buffer->bind();
-    }
-    unbind();
-    return _vert_attrs;
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::generate(VertexAttributeList vert_attrs) {
-    try {
-        throw checkValid(vert_attrs);
-    } catch (VAOError vaoe) {
-        if (vaoe.error) {
-            THROW_VAO_ERROR(vaoe.what());
-        }
-    }
-    _vert_attrs.swap(vert_attrs);
-    return generate();
-}
-
-VertexAttributeList VAOManager::changeLayout(unsigned int i, VertexAttributePointer vap) {
-    _vert_attrs[i].ptr = vap;
-    bind();
-    const VertexAttribute* va = &(_vert_attrs[i]);
-    glDisableVertexAttribArray(i);
-    _vert_buffers[va->ptr.buffer]->bind();
-    glVertexAttribPointer(
-        _id,
-        va->GLSLSize,
-        va->GLSLType,
-        va->GLSLNormalization,
-        va->ptr.stride,
-        (void*)va->ptr.offset
-    );
-    glVertexAttribDivisor(i, va->ptr.divisor);
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(i);
-    unbind();
-    return _vert_attrs;
-}
-
-VAOError VAOManager::checkValid(const VertexAttributeList& vert_attrs) {
-    GLuint va_id;
-    unsigned int num_attrs = vert_attrs.size();
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_attrs; ++i) {
-        va_id = vert_attrs[i].ptr.buffer;
-        if (_vert_buffers.find(va_id) == _vert_buffers.cend()) {
-            return VAOError("Attempting to point to unknown VBO of id " + std::to_string(va_id) + 
-            " at Vertex Attribute " + std::to_string(i) + ".");
-        }
-        if (vert_attrs[i].ptr.stride<0) {
-            return VAOError("Invalid stride value at Vertex Attribute " + std::to_string(i) + ".");
-        }
-    }
-    return VAOError(false);
-}
-
-} // namespace NB

engine/NBGraphics/src/VertexArray.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+#include "VertexArray.hpp"
+
+namespace nb {
+
+using VAOErrorCodes = VAOError::Codes;
+const std::string VAOError::type = "nb::VAOError";
+const ErrorCodeMap VAOError::ErrorMessages = {
+    { VAOErrorCodes::UNDEFINED, "Error" },
+    { VAOErrorCodes::INVALID_ATTRIBUTE, "Targeting invalid attribute"},
+    { VAOErrorCodes::INVALID_VAO, "Targeting invalid VAO" }
+};
+
+VAO::VAO(const VertexAttributePointerList& attr_ptrs) {
+    attributes(attr_ptrs);
+}
+
+VAO::VAO(VAO&& other) {
+    *this = std::move(other);
+}
+
+VAO& VAO::operator=(VAO&& rhs) {
+    _id = rhs._id;
+    _attrs = rhs._attrs;
+
+    rhs._id = 0;
+    rhs._attrs = {};
+
+    return *this;
+}
+
+VertexAttributePointerList VAO::attributes() const {
+    return _attrs;
+}
+
+VertexAttributePointerList VAO::attributes(const VertexAttributePointerList& attrs_) {
+    declare();
+    disable();
+    _attrs = attrs_;
+    bind();
+    for (auto attr_ptr : attrs_) {
+        attr_ptr.buffer->bind();
+        GLuint idx = attr_ptr.index; 
+        glVertexAttribPointer(
+            idx,
+            attr_ptr.attribute.GLSLSize,
+            attr_ptr.attribute.GLSLType,
+            attr_ptr.attribute.GLSLNormalization,
+            attr_ptr.attribute.layout.stride,
+            (void*)attr_ptr.attribute.layout.offset
+        );
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(idx);
+    }
+    unbind();
+    return _attrs;
+}
+
+VertexAttributePointer VAO::attr(GLuint idx) const {
+    for (auto attr_ptr : _attrs) {
+        if (idx == attr_ptr.index) {
+            return attr_ptr;
+        }
+    }
+    THROW(BufferError(Codes::INVALID_ATTRIBUTE));
+}
+
+void VAO::enable() const {
+    if (_id) {
+        bind();
+        for(auto attr_ptr : _attrs) {
+            glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr_ptr.index);
+        }
+        unbind();
+    }
+}
+
+void VAO::enable(GLuint idx) const {
+    if(_id) {
+        bind();
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr(idx).index); 
+        unbind();
+    }
+}
+
+void VAO::disable() const {
+    if(_id) {
+        bind();
+        for(auto attr_ptr : _attrs) {
+            glDisableVertexAttribArray(attr_ptr.index); 
+        }
+        unbind();
+    }
+}
+
+void VAO::disable(GLuint idx) const {
+    if(_id) {
+        bind();
+        glDisableVertexAttribArray(attr(idx).index); 
+        unbind();
+    }
+}
+
+VertexGroup::VertexGroup(VertexGroup&& other) {
+    *this = std::move(other);
+}
+
+VertexGroup& VertexGroup::operator=(VertexGroup&& rhs) {
+    _vertex_data = rhs._vertex_data;
+    _elmt_buf = std::move(rhs._elmt_buf);
+    _vao = std::move(rhs._vao);
+
+    rhs._vertex_data = {};
+    rhs._elmt_buf = ElementBuffer<false>();
+    rhs._vao = VAO();
+
+    return *this;
+}
+
+size_t VertexGroup::buffer(VertexBuffer<false>&& buf_) {
+    _vertex_data.emplace_back(
+        std::make_shared<VertexBuffer<false>>(std::move(buf_))
+    );
+    VertexBuffer<false>* buf_ptr  = _vertex_data.back().get();
+    VertexAttributePointerList attrs = _vao.attributes();
+    GLuint idx = attrs.size();
+    for (auto attr : buf_ptr->attributes) {
+        attrs.emplace_back(
+            VertexAttributePointer{attr, buf_ptr,idx}
+        );
+        idx++;
+    }
+    _vao.attributes(attrs);
+    return _vertex_data.size();
+}
+
+VertexBuffer<false>& VertexGroup::buffer(size_t idx) {
+    return *_vertex_data[idx];
+}
+
+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<VertexBuffer<false>>> VertexGroup::buffers() {
+    return _vertex_data;
+}
+
+size_t VertexGroup::buffers(std::vector<VertexBuffer<false>>&& bufs_) {
+    _vertex_data = {};
+    for (auto& buf : bufs_) {
+        _vertex_data.emplace_back(
+            std::make_shared<VertexBuffer<false>>(std::move(buf))
+        );
+    }
+    VertexAttributePointerList attr_ptrs;
+    GLuint idx = 0;
+    for (auto buf : _vertex_data) {
+        for (auto attr : buf->attributes) {
+            attr_ptrs.emplace_back(
+                VertexAttributePointer{attr, buf.get(), idx}
+            );
+            idx++;
+        }
+    }
+    _vao.attributes(attr_ptrs);
+    return _vertex_data.size();
+}
+
+VertexBuffer<false>&& VertexGroup::dropBuffer(size_t idx) {
+    if (idx >= _vertex_data.size()) {
+        THROW(BufferError(BufferError::Codes::INVALID_BUFFER));
+    }
+    std::vector<VertexBuffer<false>> tmp;
+    for (auto buf : _vertex_data) {
+        tmp.emplace_back(std::move(*buf));
+    }
+    _vertex_data.clear();
+    std::shared_ptr<VertexBuffer<false>> ret_ptr = 
+        std::make_shared<VertexBuffer<false>>(std::move(tmp[idx]));
+    tmp.erase(tmp.begin()+idx);
+    buffers(std::move(tmp));
+    return std::move(*ret_ptr);
+}
+
+VertexAttributePointer VertexGroup::attribute(size_t idx_) const {
+    return _vao.attr(idx_);
+}
+
+void VertexGroup::enableAttr(GLuint idx) {
+    bind();
+    _vao.enable(idx);
+    unbind();
+}
+
+void VertexGroup::disableAttr(GLuint idx) {
+    bind();
+    _vao.disable(idx);
+    unbind();
+}
+
+void VertexGroup::disableBuffer(size_t idx) {
+    auto buf_ptr = _vertex_data[idx].get();
+    bind();
+    for (auto attr : _vao.attributes()) {
+        if (attr.buffer == buf_ptr) {
+            _vao.disable(attr.index);
+        }
+    }
+    unbind();
+}
+
+void VertexGroup::enableBuffer(size_t idx) {
+    auto buf_ptr = _vertex_data[idx].get();
+    bind();
+    for (auto attr : _vao.attributes()) {
+        if (attr.buffer == buf_ptr) {
+            _vao.enable(attr.index);
+        }
+    }
+    unbind();
+}
+
+void VertexGroup::enable() { _vao.enable(); }
+
+void VertexGroup::disable() { _vao.disable(); }
+
+} // namespace nb

engine/NBGraphics/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.0)
+
+if (NB_BUILD_TESTS)
+    enable_testing()
+    include(GoogleTest)
+    add_executable(TestWindow
+        ./TestWindow.cpp
+    )
+    target_link_libraries(TestWindow
+        NBCore
+        NBGraphics
+        GTest::gtest_main
+    )
+   gtest_discover_tests(TestWindow)
+
+endif()

engine/NBGraphics/tests/TestWindow.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include <Buffers.hpp>
+
+int main() {
+
+    return 0;
+}